Second Commandment Technology: Part 2

In the first part I made the case that in describing the  second greatest commandment, Jesus defines our neighbor very broadly. Further, I suggested that technology expands our neighborhood significantly. In part two, let’s look at why we should care for our neighbor and then examine a few specific examples of tools helping or hindering us in that endeavor.

Why Should I Care?

Why should I care about the perspective of someone far from me? Or even if they are close, why should I care about others more than myself? I should care because God commands it.  However, let’s look closer. There is some rich depth and consistency to this divine directive if we dig a bit deeper.

Care for Humans Created in the Image of God

I should care about my neighbor because loving God’s creatures honors the creator. In Genesis 1:28, God appoints humans as stewards of his creation. As stewards, we are to love and care for his creatures and cultivate the garden of his creation. Our neighbors deserve extra stewardly attention because in contrast to all other creatures, humans are created in the image of the Creator. Thus, the second greatest commandment (to love our neighbor) is related to the greatest commandment (to love God). We are created in God’s image, so we honor God when we care for people also created in his image. At the same time, that image has been distorted by sin.

Care for Sinners in Need of Grace

I should care about my neighbor because fallen people stained by sin need grace and care. In Adam and Eve, all humans have inherited a sinful nature. On our own we can do no good – we tend towards selfishness and evil. Even our best efforts are marred by our fallen nature. I am called to care for my neighbors even though they are not perfect people. In the story of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), the expert in the law wanted to justify himself and asked Jesus: “Who is my neighbor?” Why would he ask this? Did he really not know? Perhaps he was hoping that Jesus would provide some criteria to judge which neighbors were worthy – and which were not. When serving those in need, I sometimes likewise find myself becoming judgemental.

I was too quick to judge when I previously served as a deacon at a church that ran a food pantry. We worked with a county agency to help us identify families in need. Each week one deacon was assigned to make deliveries to those families. Occasionally when it was my turn, I came across a disturbing situation. As I brought the grocery bags laden with food into the home, I noticed that they had a nicer couch and larger television than I had myself. I was dismayed and even a bit angry that a family would take advantage of the system. Nevertheless, I brought the food into the kitchen. That’s when I noticed their cupboards were literally bare. As the family put away the groceries, I could see they had no food – that my delivery was desperately needed. I suspected those expensive items in the living room might be “rent-to-own”. Those expensive items on high-interest loans meant they were likely in too much debt to buy food. 

The point is, we never really know the full story about someone else. Even if occasionally our food pantry served someone that wasn’t needy, I resolved that it was worth being generous to all that were perceived to be in need, even if occasionally it was undeserved. Thinking further, who was I to judge who was deserving or not?  The grace of God is not based on merit – just the opposite! In my sin I am most undeserving, yet Christ’s all-sufficient merit covers my debt. I am not called to love my neighbor because they are deserving; I am to love them with no regard to merit. I am called to love them as fellow image bearers.

That’s not to say we shouldn’t pay attention to justice. If our food pantry had been running low, I might be justified in ensuring the most needy families got fed first.  In my case, the pantry was full. We had food sufficient to cover all who asked. And honestly, my work as a deacon was a lot more joyful and a lot less burdensome when I stopped judging and started serving. When we serve in love of God and neighbor, we are acting as redemptive agents in Christ’s name.

Care for Those We Are Called to Redeem

I should care about my neighbor because I am called to be Christ’s hands and feet in this world. God promised that through Abraham, all nations would be blessed. Two-thousand years later, Christ embodied (literally and figuratively) the fulfillment of that promise. When we put our faith in Jesus and become Christ-followers, we become Christ’s redemptive agents in the world.

Having answered the question of why one should care, now consider how one should care. More specifically, how can we love our neighbor with technology? Technology – whether a tool, process, or algorithm – is always an instrument, i.e., a means to an end. We who design or work with technology can shape and use these tools to love our neighbor. Engineers and scientists are not the only ones to use tools.  Making and using tools is part of what makes us human. Using tools to love our neighbor is one of the finest examples of this creative yet practical aspect of our humanity. 

Tools for Loving Neighbors

Tools and instruments that can be a means to the end of loving our neighbor include those for hospitality, for care, and for stewardship. These are simply examples, with the hope you will notice many of the tools you have at hand can serve similarly.

Tools for Hospitality

Oxford Languages defines hospitality as “friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.”  Here are a few examples of technological tools that enable or enhance our welcoming of neighbors.

Homes are hospitality tools. My church recently supported the building of a tiny home community. It is a set of 16 very small homes designed as inexpensive housing for the working homeless in our area. Designed to function as a home in a very small space, they provide hospitality to the homeless – and further, giving the newly homed a space to show hospitality to others.

Electronic communication is a hospitality tool. My wife and I support two missionary couples. One couple posts pictures and stories regularly on social media, helping us stay in touch with the work they do. The other couple is working in a sensitive area where publicity could be problematic. Their choice of communication is thus a bit more selective, posting a newsletter by email to supporters. Both communication technologies connect us  with missionary neighbors who are geographically distant. 

Open source software is a hospitality tool because it encourages sharing and collaboration. By licensing code in this way, software developers create a community of professionals that can build creatively on each other’s foundations.

Instant Messaging is a hospitality tool. My team at work is spread out geographically, with most working from home. We use a variety of communication tools, including MatterMost for instant messaging. One of the channels is named “Water Cooler” where team members can share a bit of their personal lives: gardening, woodworking, music, cooking, latest big purchases, vacation photos, or new baby photos. This channel helps co-workers to be neighbors to each other.

Barbecue grills are a hospitality tool. Technology for entertaining and welcoming guests is not limited to modern, high-tech digital devices. It can be a device as simple as a grill used for the community cook-out.

Tools for Stewardship

Merriam-Webster defines stewardship as “the careful and responsible management of something entrusted to one's care.”  Let’s look at a couple of example tools to help pursue stewardship. 

Citizen science community apps are a stewardship tool. With my retirement approaching, I decided to become a bit more serious as an amateur biologist. I have started using the iNaturalist app to record my observations. The app helps identify the species and shares the recorded sighting with others on the app. I can then see a map of where the species has been spotted. It also enables others to confirm or correct the identification. So far I have identified 270 distinct species (134 at research grade). Using this stewardship tool, I am becoming more observant of the variety of plant and animal life that surrounds me, learning greater appreciation for God’s good and complex creation. This app also creates a community, thus becoming a tool enabling hospitality. Recently I had a more professional biologist comment on my picture of a Meadowhawk dragonfly, noting that the lighting did not allow for them to see the legs clearly enough to identify the specific species. However, like a good neighbor, they did not leave criticism alone – they also advised on additional resources and offered encouragement to continue contributing.

Clean water technology is a stewardship tool. For much of the developing world, finding potable water is a challenge. “Lack of clean drinking water corrodes the critical structure of communities—health, education, business” (Clean Water Institute). In order to keep a well-water system working effectively in developing areas, the replacement parts for maintaining the well and filtering the water must be low-tech. That is, the tools must be appropriate to the neighborhood. By designing tools for stewardship such as clean water technologies, engineers can love many neighbors in far away places. 

Tools for Care

Oxford Languages defines care as “the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something.” We can get some perspective on such a provision from Cornelius Plantinga Jr, in his book Not the Way It's Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin. Plantinga defines a concept related to true caring: shalom. “In the Bible, shalom means universal flourishing, wholeness, and delight--a rich state of affairs in which natural needs are satisfied and natural gifts fruitfully employed, a state of affairs that inspires joyful wonder as its Creator and Savior opens doors and welcomes the creatures in whom he delights. Shalom, in other words, is the way things ought to be.” 

 Shalom is thus a deep way of caring for our neighbor. I suggest two tools for caring below. 

Assistive technology is a caring tool. These instruments of care – such as eye glasses or hearing aids – restore human abilities to the way things ought to be. They are tools for restoring shalom. And restoring shalom is a key way of showing Christ’s redemptive love.

GPS mapping is a caring tool. Although I am fairly good with directions, I still rely on my mapping app for most travel. It helps me avoid unexpected traffic snarls and ensures I get to my destination even when I miss a turn. Voice prompts or heads-up displays provide further care by helping me keep my eyes on the road. 

These are just a few examples of tools designed intentionally as means to virtuous ends. Even when the designer had only one good end in mind, we users of technology can creatively find ways to use the tool as an instrument of more diverse virtuous ends. Unfortunately, the reverse is also true, which we investigate in the next section.

Tools for Hating Neighbors

By their nature, tools amplify our abilities – they make us more powerful. Sadly, sin can taint our technology design so that we end up with more powerful means of division and hate. Every tool has tendencies that are built-in, i.e., by design. Some of these tendencies are intentional; some are involuntary. In the former, the designer is consciously trying to bend the design toward the specified use. In the latter, biases and prejudices of the designer sneak into the design.  

A design intended for a virtuous end might also be abused by the user, making it a means to some sinful end. Even when the designer puts safeguards in place to prevent unintended uses, we clever humans often find work-arounds. 

For some concrete examples, consider the following technologies that can amplify the vices of greed, sloth, and malice.

Tools for Greed

Greed is a “selfish and excessive desire for more of something … than is needed.” (Merriam-Webster).  Technology can be easily abused to feed our greed. 

Credit cards are a greed tool. Many have yielded to temptation to buy now and pay later. Purchases are now so easy. Too easy. We don’t always judge carefully whether we really need more. We deceive ourselves and greedily desire more than we need. 

Bitcoin is a greed tool. Originally designed as a digital currency, it has become a platform for speculation. Many now use  it as a tool of greed, hoping that the value will rise like a pyramid as others buy it. 

Malware is a greed tool. Perhaps the most insidious of greed tools, there are technologies designed specifically for greed. For example, malware is designed specifically to extort money from others.

Tools for Sloth

While greed is desiring more than necessary, sloth is the “turning away from the necessary effort” (Merriam-Webster)  

Home automation can become a sloth tool. I have a number of automated devices in my home. 

When I am away from the house, I use these devices for security such as turning on lights or detecting motion and recording on a camera. My connected thermostat dials back the HVAC, conserving energy and saving money. However, this automation can become a little too convenient. Just as the TV remote has made us couch potatoes, home automation further lulls into never leaving the easy chair.

Tools for Malice

Malice is the “desire to cause pain, injury, or distress to another.” (Merriam-Webster)  Although I earlier listed social media as a technology that could be used for virtuous purposes, like most technology, it can also be abused for evil. 

Social media is a malice tool when used for cyber-bullying, spreading lies, or insulting someone. Perhaps worse, some social media sites use algorithms that are focused on increased engagement resulting in emphasis on angry posts.

Cars are a malice tool when road rage overcomes the driver. Some technologies are so dangerous that we, as a society, choose to regulate them. These include heavy machinery and certain chemicals and drugs. Likewise, the automobile is regulated via licenses, insurance requirements, and driver’s license requirements. Regulations help prevent tools being used for malice. But even with regulation, we sinners find a way to abuse the technology, such as when road rage gets the better of us when behind the wheel.

Wrap-Up

Jesus calls us to love beyond those that love us. He calls us to love our enemies, to love those that hate us. My sin-tainted inclinations make it easy to do the former and quite challenging to do the latter. Tools can help – technology used thoughtfully can be an instrument towards loving our neighbors. 

Second Commandment Technology: Part 1

My Peculiar Map

I couldn’t understand what was odd about my map. Working remotely during COVID, I often started my work day early in Grand Rapids to overlap with my globally-distributed colleagues, who were five hours ahead in York, UK. To encourage camaraderie during the enforced isolation, one day our managers encouraged us all to share pictures of our home workstations on the company messaging board. What a variety!  I posted my own setup, proudly showing my laptop with a second large monitor on a sit/stand desk. I had my Galileo thermometer standing in the corner of the desk, and a stylish map of the world on the wall behind the desk. Most of the comments on my setup were encouraging or humorous. But one observation stood out.

A response from a wise colleague in the UK caught me by surprise. He said he couldn’t figure out at first what was odd about the world map on the wall in the background, ending his reply with the enigmatic “...and then I realized.”

What did he realize?  He never did end up telling me. What was so odd about my map? What was he seeing that I was not?  

Here is a photo of that wall map. Later that day I realized the oddity was due to our differing perspectives of the world, literally. Having purchased my wall art in the US, it centered my own country in the middle, even though this placement awkwardly splits the continent of Asia across the edges. A more globally friendly split would have been down the Pacific ocean, so that all continents appeared unbroken on the 2-D rendering.  

What prevented me from realizing why my map seemed odd? In part, it was a local coordinate system error.  My choice of map art literally centered the world around me. Figuratively, I was placing myself at the center of the universe. While most maps—paper or digital—center on the location of interest, a lack of empathy (or perhaps a touch of pride) prevented me from even noticing how literally self-centered my map was.

My Odd Neighbor

As a Christ follower, I am called to love my neighbor. But Christ didn’t really mean for me truly to love someone beyond my immediate family and those that love me, right?  Does it really include my odd neighbor? The one that acts strange? The one that smells funny?  The one that puts up political signs for the party I vehemently oppose? 

But at least I only need to tolerate those that live immediately adjacent to me. Surely someone at work is not my neighbor. Or someone I meet while traveling. Loving a friend makes sense. But does it make any sense to love a stranger or an enemy? They will not likely repay such kindness.

Yet, astonishingly, Christ says to love our neighbors and even our enemies.

The Second Greatest Commandment

Matthew 28 records “The Great Commission” where Jesus tells the apostles to go make disciples of all nations. This commission is often a central tenet in modern church vision statements. Yet this was not the mandate Christ identified as one of the greatest commandments. To first love God and secondly to love our neighbor – these were the greatest. Jesus stated these two as a summary of the law and prophets. (Matthew 22:36-40)

That second command – to love your neighbor as yourself – appears throughout scripture.  In the Old Testament, the command appears to apply to literal neighbors who are of the same nationality:  ‘Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against anyone among your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord.” (Leviticus 19:18)  

Rather than reading this commandment expansively, the Israelites likely read it very narrowly. By contrast, Jesus ensured we understood this command to love others very broadly, in the story of the Good Samaritan, found in Luke 10:29-37. He also makes this point in other places, such as:  “But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven...If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that?” (Matthew 5:43-48)

Caring for the Alien>

In many science fiction tales, the alien is an intelligent being from another world.  These creatures are so different from us that they seem grotesque and horrific. They look, communicate, and act in ways we do not expect – that do not fit inside our comfort zones of “normal”.  But such differences need not necessarily lead to aversion. We could also experience surprise, or even wonder and curiosity. Many other science fiction tales tell the stories of first contact, of amazement and enjoyment of differences, leading to understanding and respect. The aliens are simply using another perspective, making them seem quite foreign until we understand the translation. It is like the topsy-turvy world of the spherical coordinate system compared to our more familiar Cartesian coordinates. It is like the parable of the blind men and the elephant, where each touches a different part and reaches radically different conclusions about the same animal.

Of course aliens are not just science fiction creatures from another world. The alien at our gates could be a fellow human being from another city, another state, or from the far side of the globe. Even with other people we are prone to notice differences first – in appearance, dress, language, and mannerisms. 

Look even nearer to home and we still have differences. Those closest to us – family and friends – are not precisely the same as us.  The call to love our neighbor is not different in kind, but only in degree when we consider the spectrum of humanity that Jesus calls us to love.  (I’m not sure if there really are aliens on other worlds, but if there are, I’m pretty sure we are supposed to love them too.)

The Hebrew word for “neighbor” in Leviticus 19:18  can be translated literally as the word friend or companion. It comes from the same root as a verb that means “to associate with.” Neighbors defined as associates leads to a rather small circle of those we ought to love.

Jesus expands that circle. The Good Samaritan finds not a close associate lying beaten by thieves on the road, but a sworn enemy. The neighbor is now anyone we come across.  The neighbor is the one who shows mercy. Living in proximity no longer defines our neighborhood. The Good Samaritan did not live near to the victim – he was merely traveling along that road.

More Tech = More Neighbors

Technology is woven throughout our society, and it tends to give us more neighbors – especially when we define our neighbor as broadly as Jesus did.  By technology, I do not mean simply modern computer technology -- I mean all tools that we design. For example, tools designed to stamp out a product: the wine press, printing press, and machine press. Tools designed to transport us from A to B: the wagon, bicycle, automobile, and airplane. Tools to help us communicate: the telegraph, telephone, and the Internet. Technology expands our neighborhood in several ways: who we work with, who we work for, and who we interact with.

Neighbors are the people we work with

Technology has expanded our work networks over the past few centuries. Prior to the industrial revolution, which started in Great Britain around 1760, most people worked in small-scale agriculture such as farmers or laborers – or small crafts, such as a butcher, baker, or blacksmith. This meant a relatively small number of people were one’s co-workers, a handful of folks at most. The industrial revolution concentrated workers, where early factories led to teams of dozens. 

In the modern mass-production society, a factory or a digitally connected corporation puts one in contact with hundreds or even thousands of work colleagues. For example, I am regularly on web conferences (using tools like WebEx, Microsoft Teams, Zoom, or Google Meet) with professional colleagues. They are frequently in different time zones, and often in different countries. Yet they are my neighbors. 

As a Christian who is an engineering professional, my work connects me with yet more neighbors. I have made acquaintances and friends through my work, including at engineering conferences. I recently served as the general chair for the 2025 Digital Avionics Systems Conference, leading a steering committee of volunteers to plan and organize the conference. By offering a forum and venue for exchange of professional ideas, we were providing hospitality to our professional “neighborhood” – a kind of professional block party.  

Neighbors are the people we work for

As an engineer, I design technology for my employer, but ultimately I am designing technology for people. The customers that use the technology I design are my neighbors. Even people that did not purchase the technology may be impacted by it, and they are also my neighbors. 

I can love my neighbor through my technological products by thoughtful design. I can show loving care by ensuring the design is safe for everyone, incorporating robust fault tolerance and strong security.  I can show loving hospitality with intuitive and aesthetic designs where form implies function. I can demonstrate loving responsibility by providing prophetic witness. How can an engineer be a prophet? By raising ethical flags, warning of dangerous technologies, and testifying to the potential dangers of abuse for even seemingly benign technologies.

Neighbors are the people we interact with

When the Internet was first introduced in the 1980’s, it was mainly a technological neighborhood for scientists and engineers. With the advent of the http protocol and the world wide web in the 1990s, the neighborhood opened up to a much wider audience. Smart phones starting in the 2000s made that neighborhood instantly present.Today, we are more globally and immediately connected than anytime in history. We are aware of the needs of neighbors who are geographically distant, but technologically adjacent. 

The Second Commandment compels us to reject self-centered maps and embrace a more hospitable perspective. As engineers and scientists, our expanding technological neighborhood is not just a feature of our work; it is a mission field. In Part 2, we will explore the tools, interfaces, and algorithms that can either build bridges of mercy or walls of division in our ever expanding circle of neighbors.

Facebook Generations: Four Principles for Redeeming our Communication Devices

Some cultural observers show disdain for teenagers using smartphones during family dinner or for couples checking messages during a date. Their thesis is that people should always give priority to in-person communication. While I generally agree, I think such decisions should be more nuanced – on some occasions, electronic communication may be better.

Every Generation Used the Facebook of Their Day

Even before Facebook and smartphones, people did not solely communicate face-to-face. For as long as people have dispersed beyond the range of hearing, humans have used technological tools to continue conversing. Faced with separation, clever people have invented communication technology to serve as a proxy for face-to-face conversation. 

Go back one generation. When my mother was young, she responded to a call for pen pals in The Banner, the denominational magazine of her church. The magazine was setting up a network of “Banner Pals”, connecting young people from the Christian Reformed Church with others who wanted to make new friends. My mom, Marianne, was 10 or 11, living in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She was paired with Joanne, a girl who lived in Monroe, Washington. They wrote back and forth for some time, sharing little details of their lives. In those days, long-distance phone calls were costly and thus rare, so letters were the only economical way for children to communicate regularly over a distance.

Go back another generation. My paternal grandparents were married not long after World War II.  My grandfather was a returning GI, having served in the Pacific theater, including time as one of the first soldiers on the front lines to operate the new technology of radar. The wedding was in the hometown of my grandmother: Bozeman, Montana. But my grandfather’s family was  1,300 miles away in Racine, Wisconsin. To ensure their congratulatory message was received on the day of the ceremony, my grandfather’s family in Racine used the asynchronous messaging medium of the day: a Western Union telegram.

The telegraph was not new at that time. We must go back three more generations to the time the first telegraph message was sent by Samuel Morse in 1844. The telegram was sent from Washington D.C. to Baltimore. The operator at the far end translated the dots and dashes of Morse Code to reveal the message “What hath God Wrought.” 

Morse invented the telegraph in response to grief. While he was away on a trip, his wife fell ill. Letters about the severity of her sickness reached him too late; he was not able to return in time for her funeral. As he mourned her loss, he dreamed of a means of rapid communication over a distance, leading to his invention of the telegraph.

New technologies do not always replace old technologies, and even when they do, there can be considerable overlap.  The last telegram was sent in India on July 14, 2013. During the 169 years from Morse’s first message until this last Indian missive, the telegraph would be outpaced by the telephone, radio, television, cellular phones, text messages, and Internet communication services such as email, web video conferencing, and instant messaging. 

Go back one hundred generations. In ancient Greece, the philosopher Plato imagined a conversation with the inventor of letters (and thus written communication), but saw its dark side: “this discovery of yours will create forgetfulness in the learners' souls, because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves.” (Plato, Phaedrus)  It was true – verbal accounts faded. Civilization likely predates writing, but it is pre-historic and largely unknown. The only ancient cultural insights and historical events known today are because they were written down. For example, the Biblical stories – from Adam and Eve through the near destruction of humankind save Noah and his family – all of this was passed down through oral tradition until Moses wrote them down in the Pentateuch.

Technology has been used to communicate over time and distance for all of human recorded history. Rather than disdaining it, let’s discern some principles for redeeming it.

Redeeming Technological Communication

All good gifts in nature and culture have their roots in the good creation. Jellyfish, mountain peaks, the spray of an ocean wave, music, arboriculture, legislation, calculus, poetry, medicine, and chemistry – all good gifts from our Creator. Each is also tainted by sin, but by God’s grace can still provide benefit. From the beginning God called all humans to steward these gifts, i.e., to develop and cultivate them. Today, God also calls Christians to redeem them. Let’s consider some principles that could guide our use of the good gifts of communication technology.

Principle 1: Do not unthinkingly use tech to communicate

The content of the communication is affected by the tools we use, as McLuhan famously quipped, “the medium is the message." We should have a strong preference for in-person communication. If sent electronically, many messages would lose meaning. Physical presence is important for messages such as a hug of comfort, a good-natured slap on the back for good work, or freshly picked flowers delivered in person as a token of apology.  Many spiritual practices and sacraments are best done in person. Showing love in fellowship, providing acts of service and care, discipling and teaching, partaking in the Lord’s Supper, congregational singing in worship – these are all best done together, in person. 

If in-person communication is usually better, then electronic messages are a poor substitute in many situations. If we choose the medium of email to break up with someone we have been dating, this shows disrespect and lack of care. Difficult conversations like this ought not to be minimized. If we intentionally choose a less intimate medium for the message, we are evading our responsibilities. Likewise, choosing email to fire an employee sends a message of arrogance, indifference, and discourtesy. If we intentionally choose a less personal medium for our message, it does not convey strength.  It conveys a lack of courage and shirking of responsibility. 

One of the reasons that communication over distance can be disrespectful or uncaring is that humans are made in the image of God. They are worthy of our time and care. Making an effort to communicate in a more personal setting shows our care for our fellow image-bearers. Communicating remotely over a distance can feel remote and distant. 

We ought not unthinkingly or habitually choose technology as our default means of communication. However, there are times we might rightly choose to communicate via technology, which is where the remaining three principles come into play.

Principle 2: Recognize limitations in tech communication

When messaging, we sometimes use a sideways smiley face :-) in text-based mediums or a smiley face emoji in instant messages. We do so because we recognize the lack of body-language signals that would help our recipient recognize our tone. We want to be sure the receiver understands the nuance of our message, so we add a visual hint.

Even when communicating in person, what we mean is not necessarily what is heard. Our words can be misunderstood or misinterpreted. Communicating to be understood requires careful thought about the environment (e..g, speaking louder in a noisy room) and the listener (e.g., using the right tone and clear language). Knowing the listener is important. For instance, if the listener is a musician, then musical examples may convey a concept effectively. Feedback is important to gauge understanding. A head nod of agreement versus a quizzical look from the listener can help direct the next stage of the conversation.

Similarly for communication that is not in person, what we mean is not necessarily what is heard. Communicating to be understood requires careful choice of medium. My work colleagues have distinct preferences for communication mediums. Some prefer e-mail, others want a video call, and others like instant messaging. 

Once a medium is selected, creative use of that medium can enhance understanding. For instance, in a video call, if the discussion refers to a website with a long URL, pasting the URL in the chat can help ensure listeners can follow along. Listeners without their own video feeds can give feedback to the speaker through the use of reactions that are displayed as the visual equivalent of a head nod in agreement.

When we choose to communicate with tech, we ought to thoughtfully consider its limitations and address them where we can. When we are able to achieve effective and affective communication despite the limitations, we can then achieve some noble and God-honoring ends, such as those the final two principles suggest.

Principle 3: Use tech to communicate with respect and convey worth

It is not always better to choose live, in-person communication. Business meetings that simply convey information with no interaction and little flair are often so boring that they show a lack of respect for those that were forced to attend. That meeting truly should have been an email. Similarly, too much information in one verbal deluge might be difficult to process or remember. Putting it in writing will convey the meaning better and sustain the impact longer.

Sometimes live, real-time communication is preferred, but not absolutely. For example, when there is a death in the family, the caring medium to communicate this somber news to close relatives is in person. However, if you cannot get immediately in touch, time is of the essence. Making a phone call is better than leaving them without knowing. If they don’t pick up, then leaving a voicemail or sending an email may be better than waiting too long. These choices hinge on respect – those impacted the most should hear important news first. Important family news should be shared first with the immediate family, Likewise, important business reorganizations should be shared first with those that are being shuffled in the new organization. The need for promptness influences the medium we select for the message. Respect for the message recipient may require us to balance intimacy and immediacy.

The spiritual practices and sacraments mentioned earlier are best done in person, but in extraordinary circumstances, technology may allow those practices to continue when doing so in person is not possible. Illness may prevent individuals from gathering. When I have the flu, I show respect and care for my fellow believers by staying home from Sunday services and watching online instead. War or pandemics may prevent entire communities from gathering. COVID caused many congregations to temporarily meet online. A blizzard on Christmas weekend caused my church to cancel services in person, proceeding online instead.

Tech gadgets help parents stay in touch with children who are studying or working in distant locations. They help spouses connect when one is away on a business trip or called to active military service. They help siblings catch up on each other’s lives when living in different states. Even when they are far away, staying in touch with loved ones and friends may take precedence over strangers nearby. Sitting outside during lunch break, you might forgo a conversation with a person you don’t know who is sitting across the walk. Why? To make a check-in call with your wife to see how an important event that morning went for her.  While having family dinner, you might respond to an urgent text from your best friend, temporarily stepping away from those present in the room. Rather than attending a local sporting event, you might choose to watch your granddaughter's soccer game in another state, watching via Facetime. 

Thoughtful choice of communication medium demonstrates caring and respect. Before unthinkingly selecting your habitual means to communicate, take a moment to consider the message and the audience, then choose your medium wisely. One particularly meaningful demonstration of respect is when technology also enables others to flourish in their communication, which is the focus of the final principle.

Principle 4: Use tech to give people a voice

New means of communication can provide new opportunities. Although e-mail is now old, and Facebook is no longer new, consider what a director at Intel Corp. observed as each technology became prevalent:  “I have so many stories of people reflecting on the ways technology gave their parents voices they didn’t know they had. I remember years ago, people -- mostly 20-,30-, and even 40-somethings -- reflecting on the fact that when e-mail and text-messaging came along, they suddenly heard their father in a way he’d never been before. It gave a generation of taciturn men a way to have affective relationships across their families. I still hear that about the way people are connecting on Facebook.”  (Genevieve Bell, Director of Interaction and Experience Research for Intel Corporation, in an interview with Alexis Marigal in “What Makes Her Click,” The Atlantic, December 2012, p. 42.)  Bell noticed that technology gave a voice – a means of expression – to family men that they didn’t have previously. 

Giving someone a voice means granting them access and the means to participate. Technology can be a tool to give voice to the oppressed and disenfranchised. Tech can enable us to hear the plight of the hungry, destitute, or war-torn. Technology can give voice to professionals whose company cannot afford the travel expense to send them to a conference in person – if the conference provides a virtual option, they can now share their insights with other experts in their field. 

I have experienced this gaining of voice personally. I had early onset loss of hearing, starting before I was 40. I figuratively lost my voice as well as my hearing.  When I could not distinguish what other speakers were saying, I could not participate in the discussion. The technology of hearing aids remediated my hearing to a large degree, giving back my ability to participate in conversations – giving me back my voice.

However, the technology is not perfect. Even with hearing aids, I can have trouble distinguishing the words of a soft-spoken person on the other side of a room. When I served as an elder on my church council, there was another elder who was very quiet, but often spoke with great insight during meetings. I intentionally would find a seat near him to be sure I could hear his words during the meeting. Unfortunately, he wasn’t the only quiet voice, and sometimes the HVAC or other peripheral noises would make even loud voices hard to make out. Keeping up with the discussion was mentally exhausting and could be frustrating at times. When COVID hit, our council moved to web-based video conferences. Suddenly I could hear every speaker! With each person sitting in front of a microphone and with my own volume control, I could finally hear every person, even the quiet ones. 

Just as children in school have different learning styles and just as children and adults have diverse talents for expression, we all have different communication styles and needs. When done well, technology can help level the playing field so that all can participate and all have a voice.

Conclusion

In high school, my shop teacher would tell us “choose the right tool for the job.”  Although he was referring to the power woodworking tools we were about to employ, his insight applies to tools for communication just as well. For each message and in each conversation, choose the means of communication that best loves your neighbor and honors God. Choose tools not for self-aggrandizement, but for how well they enable respect of others, by whether the tool grants them a voice and enables us to truly hear the heart of the matter from their perspective.

Technological Honesty

My smartphone is lying to me again. I’m walking around downtown Minneapolis looking for dinner after a conference. My maps app is telling me to continue northeast on Marquette and then turn left at 6th Street. But I’m not on Marquette. I’m a block over. I’m the victim of a well- known problem:  urban canyons can foil GPS navigation, fooling us with false location information. 

Technically, the app wasn’t lying with a false location.  If I zoom out a bit, I see a faint blue circle around my location. The center dot is the best estimate of my location, but the wider blue circle represents the tolerance of the available data. My displayed location is dependent on the number of GPS satellite signals currently received, though my phone tries to be a bit smarter and also uses available cellular and WiFi data to refine the location estimate. It turns out that my actual location on 2nd Avenue is within the larger blue circle. Thus, although the walking directions are based on the false location, I can quickly orient myself and keep going. A short time later my displayed location updates, jumping over a block to show me on 2nd, tracking me very accurately in real-time for the rest of my journey.

Back at home from my trip, as I am writing this blog, I check my location while sitting at my desk in my home office. Compared to the moving target I presented in Minneapolis among buildings that interfered with the GPS, as a stationary target here in the suburbs of Grand Rapids I should be easier to find. But again the location is not quite right – the app thinks I am sitting in the backyard. At least it knows my car is really parked in the garage.  Honesty is a key virtue for Christians to pursue. In this article I first identify the definition and some nuances about honesty, then turn to how technology can aid our honesty or spur us towards dishonesty.

Defining Honest

Merriam-Webster defines the word honest as “legitimate, truthful, free from fraud or deception.” Two of the most respected American presidents are revered largely because of this virtuous characteristic. The honesty of the first American President, George Washington was also renowned, particularly the mythical story of the young George chopping down his father’s cherry tree, but then confessing to the crime later, announcing that he could not lie about it. The truthfulness of the sixteenth American President “Honest Abe” Lincoln was also widely reported. 

Honest statements are not only true but also sufficiently accurate and complete so that the statement does not intentionally mislead. If the listener was unintentionally misled, then at the first sign of confusion, the speaker is obligated to correct the misinterpretation. If one feels the need to justify one’s statement as “technically true” then it was probably misleading and was thus dishonest.

Dishonesty with ourselves is self-deception corrected only when we are truthful with ourselves. Certain truths are unpleasant or even repulsive. In the face of these, I might cope through mental self-defense mechanisms. I might ignore certain information that would detract from my preferred narrative. I might push certain facts into my subconscious. For example, we may need to face the music on our spending habits when deep down we recognize that our expenses are higher than our income. Overcoming self-deception is similar to the stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, guilt and depression, and finally acceptance.

Lack of truth can certainly be harmful, but before turning to technological honesty, let’s also briefly look at how truth can be used as a weapon. I can use honesty as a cover for cruelty. Choosing to share a brutal truth, without regard to kindness, is spiteful and hard-hearted. This is particularly true if my opinion was not solicited, Even when asked, I ought to choose my words with care. If I point out an error in spite, rather than in love, I may be hurting more than correcting. If I pronounce judgment on someone’s worth, looks, or ability, my words become stones cast to injure through degradation. Cruel honesty is no virtue. 

Likewise, sharing information that does not belong to me does not count as honesty. Such an act is theft if I am stealing intellectual property. If I am threatening to share this information unless compensated, it is blackmail.  

But what does honesty have to do with technology? Quite a bit, it turns out.

Tech Keeping Us Honesty

Many technological tools are quite reliable. This trait can promote honesty in the users of those tools in at least two ways. First, technology provides a written record of our commitments. We can find such technological tools in some of the earliest uses of writing to document a contractual arrangement. For example, the Sumerian contract  shown in the figure is written in cuneiform on a clay tablet dating around  2600 B.C., recording the sale of a house and field. Modern technology provides additional instruments to document our promises. My Apple Watch reminds me I need to walk a bit more today to hit my exercise goal. Blockchain algorithms are used to authenticate and record a Bitcoin transaction.

A second way technology promotes honesty in users is through error detection. Some tools detect dishonesty in others. A polygraph monitors physiological indicators to signal when a person is likely telling a lie. A police radar gun detects when motorists are speeding. In 1986, a radiation detector in Sweden alerted the world to the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl. Some tools help us to be honest with ourselves. If I commit to exercising to keep my blood pressure down, a home blood pressure monitor helps me track whether I am sticking to my commitment. The lane departure warning on my car alerts me when my vehicle strays, probably because my attention was straying. A grammar checker helps me detect errors in my writing. But not all tools are aids to correction. Some are designed to deceive.

Less than Honest with our Tech Tools

Preying on our trust in devices as reliable, some technological inventions have been designed for deceit, aiding and abetting our dishonesty. Deep fake videos take advantage of our trust in the reliability of technology, fooling us into falsely believing a famous person said or did something. Counterfeit money is designed to look just like the real thing, enabling theft through dishonesty.

Ironically, while we might be duped because we trust technology too easily, at the same time we might try to fool others through the common experience of tech breakdown. We might lie about a phone battery dying to get out of awkward conversations. We might claim an email never arrived to excuse missing a deadline. We might paint an overly glamorous picture of our lives by carefully curating a social media persona that glosses over any blemish.

Technology that enables deceit is contemptible, but using technology in the name of honesty in order to harm is equally reprehensible. How often do we see replies and comments on social media that someone claims to be posting in the pursuit of truth, but really are meant to insult and hurtfully criticize? Cruel honesty using technology is no virtue. Similarly, publicly announcing a security flaw in a widely used product without giving the vendor a reasonable chance to first correct the problem is an intentional act of sabotage, done for the thrill or notoriety, without a care for the company or for their users. Such cruel exposure of truth is no virtue.

Conclusion

Christians with influence over technology should work towards designing products that promote honesty in two ways. First, the design itself should be open and clear to be sure users understand how it works, how reliable it is, and how safe it is. Second, the product should be designed with characteristics that promote honesty in the user and avoid enabling deceptive practices.

For those that have less influence over technology design, we still make choices as consumers. As tech users, we ought to be thoughtful about the biases our tools might have, discerning carefully what to buy and how to use it with integrity. Furthermore, our individual buying decisions accumulate into market forces that drive the direction of future design. We implicitly vote for the technology we want tomorrow by what we purchase today. Let us buy and use our tools wisely. 

 

Brain vs. Brawn

Mind over matter. 

Brainpower. 

Life of the mind. 

Brain versus brawn.

Common phrases like this emphasize how much our culture venerates the intellectual. Going all the way back to Greek philosophers, we are led to believe that the purest morality is attained when one focuses on the mind and thought, putting aside the body and corporeal desires. 

However, if the mind is godly and good while the body is worldly and evil, then why wouldn’t God have just created us as spirits?  Instead, he created us as physical beings with mass and inertia, with blood and muscle. If the ancient Greeks were right -- the production of knowledge with our mind alone is good, while the production of things using our hands is the least noble -- then why would God place us bodily in a creation full of physical things and put us in charge of this physical creation? 

Christians can get caught up in a Hellenistic way of thinking, mistaking a focus on the mind for a focus on the spirit. But our soul is not synonymous with our brain. Furthermore, our core identity is not purely spirit. After all, Christians worldwide profess to believe in the physical incarnation of Jesus Christ and his bodily resurrection, and further, put our hope in our own future resurrection of the body.

We might still elevate the mind above the body when it comes to morality and pursuing virtue. However, thinking alone does not imply virtue unless it is accompanied by action. Thinking about embracing my spouse is not the same as the actual physical act. Thinking about serving my neighbor is not the same as actually filling their needs by offering physical aid in the flesh. 

Some temptations have their root in physical desires such as gluttony driven by culinary hunger or lust driven by sexual hunger. However, not all temptation is solely of the body. Pure thought is not always pure: our mind alone can drive sins of pride and gluttony. Sin does not taint our body alone but taints our minds as well.

Giving physical embodiment its due is important for engineers, scientists, and all of us involved in technology either as a career or hobby. Technology is the work of our hands as much as of our minds. It is the physical embodiment of our volition. It is our will incarnate. 

Philosopher Nicholas P. Wolterstorff underlined the importance of equal respect for both mind and body:   “The Protestant Reformation, and, in particular, the Calvinist branch thereof, represents a radical rejection of this scale of values in which the life of the mind is elevated over that of the citizen, in which both modes of life are elevated over ordinary life, and in which the work of our hands is regarded as having no more than instrumental value.“  Wolterstorff allowed no sacred-secular split: “...it was these [production and reproduction aspects of ordinary life] that the Reformers, for the first time in the history of the West, bestowed with inherent and not just instrumental worth -- provided they were done to the glory of God and the good of the commonwealth.” (Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, “Should the Work of Our Hands Have Standing in the Christian College,” in Keeping Faith: Embracing the Tensions in Christian Higher Education, ed. Ronald A. Wells, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996)

All careers have inherent value. Both the technologist and the teacher, both the machinist and the mentalist, both the physician and the philosopher have inherent worth. All vocations are sacred. All are callings from God. As such, they all deserve respect. 

At the same time, all of these careers and vocations deserve careful consideration so that they live up to their high calling. After praising the ordinary work of our hands, Wolterstorff also calls us to responsibility. It is not sufficient to rest on our laurels of inherent worth. “One serves God and humanity in one’s daily occupation....But one does not serve God and humanity by going into business and then just playing the received role of businessmen, nor by going into medicine and then just playing the received role of physician, nor by going into the academy and then just playing the received role of the academic. For those received roles are religiously fallen -- not fallen through and through, but nonetheless fallen. To serve God faithfully and to serve humanity effectively, one has to critique the received role and do what one can to alter the script.”  

Christians working in technology must consider the purpose of technology.  For what purpose do engineers develop new technological products? How is our work impacted by sin; how are our technological devices impacted by sin? How then should we work as redemptive agents in the domain of engineering? We answer these big questions In part by recognizing the impact of sin and working against it. We answer them in part by directing our technology design efforts to honor God and love our neighbor, as a Good Samaritan. In all cases, we answer not only the thoughts of our mind but with the tangible actions of our hands.

 

Go Big or Go Home

As a kid, I loved getting the Scholastic book catalogs. Several times a year, our teacher would hand them out, asking us to return book orders by the next week. I was an avid reader but my parents were not wealthy. I could order books, but was always given a modest limit. I would carefully look through the catalog, calculating how best to spend the money. Occasionally I would blow my entire budget on one large book, and that book was often the Guinness Book of World Records. 

The book was the largest in the catalog, offering hundreds of pages. I spent hours pouring over the lines of fine-print pages discovering the world’s largest ball of string, the world’s tallest skyscraper, the world’s heaviest twins, the record for the longest fingernails, the fastest human, the tallest human, and more. There were records for all kinds of interesting and crazy things. 

When I was growing up in the midwest United States, we took a family trip where I got to see the tallest building in the world. It was the Sears tower in Chicago, at 108 stories and 442 meters in height. That building is now called the Willis tower; today it ranks as the 23rd tallest building on earth. The tallest as of this writing is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, at 163 stories and 828 meters in height.

Why are we so fascinated with the largest, fastest, or heaviest? In his blog titled “Hubris”, Tim Fernholz reviews a study by the Danish researcher Bent Flyvbjerg that explores monumental engineering endeavors, concluding that projects costing more than $1 billion almost always go over budget. Flyvbjerg goes on to identify four reasons society pursues large projects even though they cost so much.

• technological: engineers enjoy building the newest or largest item of its kind
• political: big public works can enhance the reputation and stature of a politician
• economic: big projects mean lots of business for construction companies
• aesthetic:large projects often have a certain artistic appeal

These reasons are good initial explanations for why society pursues massive engineering projects despite their huge costs, costs that almost always surpass expectations. However, they are all superficial symptoms of an underlying cause. The deeper reason is implied by the blog title that Fernholz uses,  “Hubris,” impling that these reasons boil down to the age-old vice of pride. 

We are familiar with stories of pride as a significant driver for big projects. Your neighbors that vie to build the largest, boldest Christmas display on the street are often driven by a measure of conceit. Pride at a national level was at stake for Americans in the 1950s. They woke up one morning to learn that the USSR had succeeded in launching Sputnik into orbit: the world’s first artificial satellite. This event drove a wave of scientific and technological development in the US, culminating with the massive engineering project to put the first human on the moon. 

Fernholz also mentions the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel as the paradigmatic symbol of big projects that failed. One of my colleagues at Calvin, professor Gayle Ermer, examines this story in a paper at the 2008 Christian Engineering Education Conference, titled “Lessons from the Tower of Babel”. Considering the tale of Babel, she says “The implication could be drawn from this interpretation that Christians should not be investing a great deal of time and effort in technological accomplishments on a grand scale. While it may be true that over-reliance on technological achievements can detract from trust in God, it is questionable whether this is the primary lesson of the Babel story. “ She goes on to describe a God-honoring approach to technology that does not depend on the size and scale of the technology, but more so on its direction. 

I suspect that big technological projects are often driven by pride, steering the project from the start in a direction that is not God-honoring. However, even if pride drove the initial dream of the big project, that should not prevent Christian engineers from redirecting that purpose so that the project itself is God-honoring. 

Furthermore, pride is not the only reason for pursuing a big technological project. In the name of stewardship of resources, we might seek economies of scale, such as building large wind turbines instead of smaller ones. In pursuing a calling to develop and unfold God’s creation, we might build big. Competition might drive a big project, not because of pride, but in order for a company to survive. Engineers might view a large project as pursuit of their spiritual calling, following Colossians 3:17 “And whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him.”

Should Christians participate in big technology projects? I believe so. However, we should do so with a discerning spirit and a keen sensitivity to avoid pride, working to design and build in a way that honors God and loves our neighbor.

Broken Christmas Toys

They could make toys better. They could make them stronger, less prone to wear and damage. They could make them safer, with fewer dangerous small parts and fewer toxic materials. They could perform more comprehensive testing. They could make toys better. But they don’t.

Christmas Presents

Once they have a few Christmas seasons under their belt, most kids learn to politely glance at a card or briefly hold up new clothes they have received to show a modicum of appreciation. Most kids also cannot help but show their true enthusiasm when pulling back the first corner of wrapping paper reveals a toy. The toys immediately become beloved and cherished gifts from the first moment they are revealed. Cards and clothes get stacked in a pile; toys are immediately put to work. The American Girl doll joins a tea party. The bright red Hot Wheels Ferrari races across the floor in the kitchen between the feet of the adults preparing a meal. The watch is strapped to the wrist, where it remains for a solid week. 

Toys Break Easily

When my children were young, it was not unusual during the days and weeks after Christmas for toys to break. Some toys needed repair within minutes of unwrapping, while others lasted many days. A few sturdy stalwarts lasted long enough to be handed down to a sibling. Why weren’t all the toys made that sturdy?  Why were some made of flimsy materials that easily broke in the hands of an industrious four-year-old?  

Toy designers and manufacturers have a choice. They could make better toys. They do not because we told them so. Not in so many words, but the result was the same. We consumers often choose lower price over higher quality. 

Imagine a toy seller who produces two models of the same toy. The first model is made of inexpensive materials, with little attention to durability. Costs are reduced further by slimming down the thickness of each part and minimizing the number of fasteners by using an inexpensive sealing process. The result is a fragile toy that is not easily repairable. The second model is made to last, with high-quality materials. The designer pays attention to likely wear patterns and beefs up the sections where weakness might otherwise lead to breakage. More expensive fasteners are used, enabling the toy to be repaired should any problems occur. 

Despite the contrasting designs, from the outside, the two toys appear somewhat similar. A Christmas shopper in a hurry would not spot the higher quality of the second toy. The only clear and immediately obvious difference is the price. Although a few astute shoppers may notice the difference simply by the heft of the toy, and others may assume that the higher price toy is indeed better, the majority choose the lower cost.

Towards the end of the shopping season, the first model has sold out, yet stacks of the second remain. The implications to the toymaker for next year are clear:  make low-cost toys, even if the quality is poor. 

Why don’t they make toys better?  It isn’t some insidious toy conspiracy. It is because we consumers won’t pay for the higher quality. You get what you pay for. We choose to pay little, so we get little. Our economy generates a huge data set characterizing consumer product preferences. Those purchases tilt the test data heavily toward cheaper. We might intend “cheaper” to be less expensive, but in essence, we have selected “cheaper” In terms of lower quality. You get what you pay for.

Communicating Quality

Whether the product is a toy, microwave, phone, or table, the consumer drives much of the market signal for lower quality.  However, the engineer, manufacturer, marketer, and retailer are not absolved of responsibility in the drive towards lower quality. To choose higher quality, reliability, and safety, the consumer must be able to identify those qualities accurately and quantify them to a reasonable degree. Clear and consistent product communication is not easy to obtain across an industry. However, we have an existing example of strong communication in one particular product industry: packaged food.

In 1990, the US Congress passed the “Nutrition Labeling and Education Act” requiring food products to be labeled with accurate identification of ingredients. The European Union passed similar requirements in 2016. Consistent labels quantifying nutrition enabled consumers to make fair comparisons between foods so that they could purchase the best value for their money. Over time, this information has driven the market so that lower fat, lower sugar, higher nutrition became more common and thus more affordable. It is not a perfect system. We still see unfortunate economic pressures that limit the very poor to rather unhealthy food choices. Nevertheless, accurate labeling has improved the overall food production system.  

We should apply the lesson of food labeling to technological products in general. Christians should be particularly eager to improve the way product information communicates safety and reliability because such information is a way to love and care for our neighbor. Christian engineers in a position to influence regulation can advocate for better consumer choice.

Furthermore, regulation is not the only way to improve communication of a product’s quality, reliability, safety, utility.  Reviews can help. Customer reviews are a good start, though they rarely provide a direct comparison of alternatives. Review articles by qualified people or organizations are better, as they often benchmark similar products head-to-head. 

Every Technological Design Requires Trade-offs

Toys are not the only technological products that require give-and-take design choices. Every physical device we design and manufacture requires a trade-off between cost and reliability. Extra design time to develop clever products that last longer implicitly adds cost. Extra or better materials to make structures stronger implicitly add cost.  Furthermore, balancing cost and reliability is just one trade-off. Trade-offs are implicit in every engineering design, requiring an equilibrium between multiple goals that each appear to be good, yet more of the one requires less of the other. 

Most designs will require an array of trade-offs. We trade weight (and indirectly safety) for higher gas mileage in automobiles. We trade early access for thoroughness of clinical testing in developing pharmaceutical drugs. We determine priorities for the competing goods of aesthetics, performance, reliability, safety, recyclability, and more. 

Of all these trade-offs, it may seem that safety should always be the top priority, tipping the scales all the way to complete reliability.

Trading Safety

I once asked students in an engineering course to consider how much rigor one ought to use in designing electronics for an entertainment device such as earbuds. I then asked them to compare that to the rigor one ought to use in designing a medical instrument such as a device to monitor premature infant vital signs. 

Some students thought there should be no difference in rigor. They thought that Christians should do their best to produce the most excellent and safe designs, regardless of the intended use. This position has some scriptural support. Colossians 3:23 tells us  “Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men.”  No matter where we find ourselves, every occupation is worthy of our best efforts as an offering to the Lord. 

Other students indicated that the preemie monitor should be designed with utmost care and much more attention, compared to the earbuds. This position also has some scriptural support. Philippians 4:8 tells us  “Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable—if anything is excellent or praiseworthy—think about such things.”  Spending more time on a more noble technology is one way to implement Paul’s directive. 

Can you go overboard on safety?  Is there ever an acceptable risk?  I believe so. Consider two examples. First, look at the common nail hammer. It is designed to pound nails into wood. This purpose leads to a design with a hard striking surface, a relatively heavy weight to provide momentum when the striking surface is swung, and a long handle to harness the centrifugal force of that swing into a powerful impact on the head of the nail. The design is appropriate to the need. The design is also deadly. That same powerful impact on a person’s head will kill. We could alleviate that risk by reducing the weight and softening the striking surface, shortening the handle to reduce the swinging force, and so forth. The resulting pillow on a stubby stick would no longer be able to kill, but it wouldn’t be able to pound nails either. 

A second example is choosing the acceptable risk in automobiles. We could make cars safer by adding steel plating to protect passengers during a crash. However, the extra weight drastically lowers gas mileage. We could make cars even more robust during accidents by eliminating fragile windows. However, the lack of visibility would make driving much less enjoyable and might well increase the chance of accidents. Eventually, as we added more and more bulk, the car would no longer fit in the lane or in a residential garage. All the extra material would push the price of the safer automobile beyond the reach of most budgets. 

Balancing Act

Good designs are a balance of competing goals. If the balance is distorted, favoring one goal to the exclusion of others, the resulting product may be dysfunctional. Proper function depends on meeting multiple goals simultaneously. 

Not only are products the result of a trade-off, but the engineering design process itself is also a trade-off. The old adage “better, faster, cheaper -- pick any two” is a reflection of the balance between the scope, schedule, and cost of a project. Does this mean that one must always accept less of one goal to achieve more of another?  Not necessarily. Sometimes we find a clever new way to achieve both lower cost and higher quality, e.g., by reducing waste. Sometimes we find an innovation that lets us achieve both environmental stewardship and corporate profit, e.g., by reusing and recycling. Sometimes we find a way to make a part both lighter and stronger, e.g., by using composite materials. Such wise combinations are one way to pursue designs that are excellent and praiseworthy.